Up from Slavery, Down to the Ground Sailing Amistad. A Movie Review

Up from Slavery, Down to the Ground Sailing Amistad. A Movie Review It is difficult to nail down why verifiable motion pictures are so difficult to shoot. Regardless of whether it is the contention of a longing to both remain consistent with the source material and at the useless endeavors to whitewash the history, or basically the powerlessness to delineate each and every authentic occasion without including to a great extent conventional characters, verifiable motion pictures unquestionably offer a plenty of difficulties for both the chief and the cast. Overstating recorded realities as far as possible, Amistad yet offers a one of a kind encounter and adequate nourishment for thoughts.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Up from Slavery, Down to the Ground: Sailing Amistad. An explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The plot of the film is somewhat entangled, for the most part since it depends on genuine recorded occasions. At the very beginning of the film, the crowd is quickly taken onto the Amistad, the boat on whi ch Africans are taken to Spain to become slaves. Therefore, the film promptly educates the crowd about the settings, which are the XIX-century USA. Further on, Senjbe Pieh, otherwise known as Cinque, one of the slaves and the movie’s primary hero, is acquainted with the crowd. He figures out how to discharge himself and the remainder of the Africans; from there on, they slaughter practically whole group. Captured in Connecticut, the Africans are to experience the preliminary. After a scope of unjustifiable activities towards the African charged, for example, changing the appointed authorities from kind and thoughtful Juttson to unfeeling and brutal Coglin, the Africans almost lose all expectation. Inevitably, the counselor, John Quincy Adams, conveys his last discourse: â€Å"The Declaration of Independence? What of its arrogances? All men made equivalent, unavoidable rights, life, freedom, etc? What in heaven's name would we say we are to do with this? I have an unassuming suggestion† (Amistad), and tears the Declaration in equal parts. The Africans are free. In any case, the way that Cinque discovers that his family has been sold into servitude as he gets back adds a severe note to the film, as though saying, â€Å"There is still a ton to be done.† Rethinking the movie’s noteworthiness, it is generally sensible to begin with the lead character. In spite of the fact that the crowd certainly feels for Cinque, he is very convincing. It is worth gratefulness that the film doesn't depict him as a saint, transforming him into a paper-dainty component of highly contrasting reality; despite what might be expected, there is a ton of debate about him. In addition to the fact that he starts a revolt on the boat, yet in addition slaughters one of the team individuals. Cinque is a lawbreaker, which makes the accentuation on equivalent rights much more grounded †he should be indicted as a human ought to be, not simply sent to a slaughterho use like a mammoth: â€Å"Give us, us free† (Amistad).Advertising Looking for article on workmanship and structure? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As for the supporting cast, the brought characters work very well into the general tone of the film. Which is significantly increasingly significant, they not just fill in as the developing foil for Cinque, yet in addition help to recount to the story and make it progressively realistic. For example, Van Buren is depicted in a quite certain way. He is anything but an adverse character, however something in the middle of, a man who needs neither to have the notoriety of a beast nor to break the state balance, conceding fundamental human rights to the African individuals: â€Å"its the autonomy of our courts that keeps us free† (Amistad). Indeed, even John Quincy Adams, the recorded figure clearly utilized as a plot gadget, adds a particular epic energy to the film. In actuality, his character curve now and again is much more intriguing than Cinque’s; for instance, it is very impossible to miss to watch him changing from energetic discourses (â€Å"You and this youthful purported legal counselor have demonstrated you comprehend what they are. Theyre Africans† (Amistad)) to giving strong bits of proof over the span of the preliminary (â€Å"How is it that a basic, plain property issue has should now end up so honored as to be contended under the steady gaze of the Supreme Court of the United States of America† (Amistad)), from mocking (â€Å"in the court, whoever recounts to the best story wins† (Amistad)) to earnest (â€Å"Give us the fearlessness to do what is right† (Amistad)). Obviously, there are not kidding political and authentic imperfections in the film. Senjbe Pieh had just been seized and oppressed a few times before showing up on Amistad; moreover, Adams was depicted in a too honorable way; Theodore Joadson is an illusion of the screenwriter’s creative mind; this rundown can go on significantly longer than the film does. Notwithstanding, the large concluding point is whether the film passes on its message effectively, and it does †the crowd can feel the misery of the lead character, the film clarifies that equity is the thing that the whole world ought to take a stab at and that each and every person ought to have indistinguishable rights from the others. Thus, one can choose not to see a portion of the chronicled blemishes. Accordingly, Amistad can be seen as a Making Movie 101 †each and every component of the film is firmly interwoven with different ones, the characters are significant, and even the components utilized as a trade off between the film inventiveness and the current standard for verifiable motion pictures of such scale, work for the benefit of the film. In spite of the fact that it has been appropriately purified, it despite everything merits v iewing, not as an approach to render the authentic occasions, yet as an approach to ensure that human rights despite everything stay a topical issue even in the XXI century. Amistad. Ex. Push. Laurie McDonald and Walter Parkers. General City, CA: DreamWorks. 1997. DVD.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Up from Slavery, Down to the Ground: Sailing Amistad. An explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More

Loss Prevention Essay Research Paper Loss PreventionIn free essay sample

Misfortune Prevention Essay, Research Paper Misfortune Prevention In today # 8217 ; s monetary status, there has become an expanding interest for close to nothing and large worries to go witting of ways and grounds that they may lose cash. Organizations need quality workers, strong heading, and cost proficient misfortune bar program to decrease the whole losingss suffered by an organization. Misfortunes in the working environment can emerge out of a wide range of nations, for example, inside theft ( representative robbery ) , outside burglary ( shoplifting ) , and managerial ( framework ) botch. The calculations of these losingss over the money related twelvemonth are known as contracting. In the event that a worry loses an incredible entirety of cash because of shrinkage so the chances of that organization blasting in their few market is extremely least. Especially if rival organizations have a viable misfortune bar plan in topographic point. In this article, one will see simply how the utilization of an adequate misfortune bar plan can help nearl y nothing and huge concerns chop down their whole of contracting accordingly, permitting the worries develop and progress. We will compose a custom article test on Misfortune Prevention Essay Research Paper Loss PreventionIn or then again any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page One will see that contracting is something that workers, heading and owners can simple order, without a major total or clasp or cash. Worker theft, other than known as inside burglary, chronicles for around 30 % of whole losingss. There are a figure of various manners by which inside robbery can occur. Conceivably the most remarkable signifier that interior theft takes on is in the signifier of punch clock misrepresentation. Representatives will in general exploit the clout clock. Despite the fact that resonations of this demonstration can and should follow in lapse of the representative, this doesn # 8217 ; t end certain individuals. Different kinds of inside theft are, sweet hearting ( permitting family or companions get merchandise or administrations for nothing ) , a few people exploit the workingman # 8217 ; s remuneration board, by doing faulty cases. There are a figure of approaches to thwart inside robbery, get bringing down with compassion and handle towards the representative # 8217 ; s. The business needs to regard, tune in, comprehend, talk about, and influence representatives in the organization exercises. This is a sort of bar in such a case that this is done, it fabricates a feeling of profound quality inside the given concern. An upbeat worker is all things considered a decent representative. Another measure in bar is set up a wages framework for the individuals who do extra or willful work. This is another measure that would transfuse a feeling of poise to the representative, and they would genuinely gain an inclination that they are apprec iated by the business. Outer burglary chronicles for around 20 % of contracting in the work environment. Outside robbery takes on a wide range of signifiers, for example, tricky checks, misleading returns, product craftiness, and perhaps the most extraordinary of all, shoplifting. There are typically three sorts of promoters: 1 ) the mean commonplace resident, 2 ) the full clasp beginner, and 3 ) the expert. The mean unremarkable resident represents the most serious risk to concerns. The mean commonplace resident chronicles for 75 % of the considerable number of sponsors out at that place. These are the individuals that take so as to do cash to back up wonts, similar to medications and intoxicant. In any case, the drawback of this gathering is that in certain occasions they need to take so as to populate. Despite the fact that this gathering represents 75 % everything being equal, this gathering is the most straightforward to order, through misfortune bar plans. For delineation this gathering can be contro lled or decreased with the use of # 8220 ; puzzle customers # 8221 ; or # 8220 ; floor Walkers # 8221 ; . The region engaged with shrinkage is the full clasp beginners. This gathering makes up around 20 % of the entirety when covering with shrinkage. This kind of individual enters the worry topographic point with the reason to take, they wear # 8217 ; t needfully require to take, however they do so as to bring through their needs, of which in any case wouldn # 8217 ; t be met, on the off chance that they didn # 8217 ; t shoplift. A few promoters in this class make it carefully in light of the fact that they are voracious. The third sort of promoter is the expert, the expert makes up 5 % of supporters in whole. This kind of sponsor can anticipate cash, there is no other purpose in head. To these individuals shrinkage is a calling and an actual existence, they are competent at what they do, and they benefit it. There are a figure of various things that spur individuals to shoplift, and there were details taken more than 125 misgivings and they show that, # 8220 ; 9 % of all store lifters take since they are eager, hapless customer administration, or no library attender. 12 % Don # 8217 ; t have the cash to do the buy in the main topographic point. 14 % of individuals that shoplift do it for the unadulterated blast. 36 % of supporters take in light of the fact that the worry made it simple for them. # 8221 ; Outside burglary can be forestalled in an arrangement of ways, a few delineations of how are to flexibly acceptable customer administration, address customers as they enter the topographic purpose of concern, study the customers, increment hard money vault administration, pay specific taking care of your significant shows, and give forceful general controls.

The SIPA Advantage COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

The SIPA Advantage COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog When you’re looking at schools as an undergraduate, there are books websites, and guidance counselors to help you choose the right “fit” for you. Large or small, urban or rural, there are a bevy of resources to help you navigate what these features will mean in terms of your education and extracurricular activities. As a grad student, you’re left mostly on your own to discern the differences between the most competitive foreign and public policy schools, so I wanted to share five things that I feel make SIPA stand out among its competitors. Location. You already know that SIPA has a close relationship with the United Nations, but that’s just the tip of the iceberg when it comes to the resources available to public policy students in New York City.   Hundreds of non-profits, private companies, the New York Stock Exchange and the government of the largest city in the United States are all located here, providing limitless consulting and internship opportunities. In addition, everyone who’s anyone in global politics and commerce travels through New York City, and more likely than not they come to speak at our school.  In any given day we might have Japan’s Minister of Finance, the Executive Director of Habitat for Humanity, and the CEO of Bloomberg in our building. The trouble isn’t finding a lecture that you want to attend, the trouble is fitting them all in! Professors. Due to the school’s prestige and location, we have some of the best Professors in the world. From Nobel Prize winning economist, Joseph Stiglitz to sustainable development expert Jeff Sachs to associate Professors who are leaders in the real world. Last year I look Campaign Management from Jef Pollock, American Association of Political Consultants’ Pollster of the Year and Women and Power from Ernst and Young Executive and Healthcare Business Association’s Woman of the Year, Carolyn Buck-Luce. Whatever your interest, a SIPA education practically guarantees you access to experts in your field. Columbia University. In addition to all that’s available to students at SIPA itself, a SIPA education means you are part of the Columbia University network.  This means an introduction to literally thousands of alumni all over the world. It also means the opportunity to take classes at any of Columbia’s distinguished graduate schools for credit toward your degree. This year I am taking a class on Elections with Political Science PhD students, a class on Election Law at the prestigious Columbia Law School and a class at Columbia School of Journalism with Washington Post reporter Thomas Edsall. My area of public policy is pretty clear but whether you are passionate about education, defense strategy, health care or development opportunities await you all across our university. Size. I have to admit, I was a little nervous about finding my place at one of the biggest public policy schools in the world, but it turned out to be one of the things I like best about SIPA.   I get to study alongside and learn from over 1000 professionals from 52 countries. When a practical or policy question arises and I need an answer; I am almost guaranteed to find an expert among my classmates. When a candidate I was working for had an event with Bill Clinton,   I was able to reach out to one of his interns at the Clinton Global Initiative to find an address to send a thank you note. When my blog went viral in the campaign world, my more technologically inclined classmates helped teach me best practices for social media. SIPA’s size allows us to offer the most classes, clubs, and extracurricular opportunities of any of the top public or foreign policy schools as well as the wealth of information that is the SIPA community itself. Flexibility. Compared to other public policy programs, SIPA’s MPA curriculum is extremely flexible. SIPA students graduate with a solid foundation in economics, statistics, and management practice, but are free to choose the subjects that most interest them within these fields, as well as from one of the country’s largest selections of electives. For students like me who enter SIPA with a very specific interest, for me it was election systems and civic engagement, this means we are always able to take classes in our field. For students who enter with a broader interest, this means they are free to explore no matter where their interests take them. This post was contributed by Nancy Leeds.   Nancy is a Democratic Campaign Operative and blogger  pursuing her MPA in Social Policy and Management at SIPA.

Business Intelligence Is A Process Of Analyzing Data Essay

1. Business Intelligence is a process of analyzing data. This system is about gathering information from internal and external sourcing. This is for gathering vital information for a business’s needs. The goal of this term is to take hefty amounts of records and put more of a simple structure in place. Business intelligence can give an approach to focus on a direction. I also read that another term for this concept is called data surfing. 2. OLAP is an acronym for Online Analytical Processing which is the process to study and understand data rapidly. This software takes information and stores data in a multidimensional database. This concept works hand in hand with data mining. It basically takes the information performs an analysis on it and models it. 3. Data mining is often referenced to text mining. This concept is constructed of researching information, storing information, and presents information. This concept is mainly about the searching of patterns new or old. Along with discovering patterns it is about predicting them as well. Text Mining can be referred as text data mining. This concept involves controlled patterns of data involvement. This is a concept focused on the basic analytical techniques. This term has many different name, but is still defined as using a wide variety of countless data bases to retrieve information. The retrievals no matter where they are collected from are valuable to a business as long as they are from a reliable truthful source. 4.Show MoreRelatedThe Process Of A Business Intelligence System1376 Words   |  6 Pagesimplementing a business intelligence system. It continues to describe the technologies involved in a business intelligence system, as well as the purpose of the system and how it can help companies become a leader in the industry. Lastly, the report contains facts about industries that have implemented a business intelligence solution, how they use it, and the benefits they reap from the implementation. The report covers multiple industries, but focuses on Chevron oil company and analyzes its business intelligenceRead MoreWhy Data Mining Is The Extraction Of Knowledge From The Various Databases1329 Words   |  6 PagesData mining is the extraction of knowledge from the various databases that was previously unknown (Musan Hunyadi, 2010). Data mining consists of using software that conglomerates artificial intelligence, statistical analysis, and systems management in the act of extracting facts and understanding from data stored in data warehouses, data marts, and through metadata (Giudici, 2005). Through algorithms and learning capabilities data mining software can analyze large amounts of data and give the managementRead MoreThe Availability Of New Information Management And Supporting System Like Data Warehousing, Business Intelligence, Analytics, And1176 Words   |  5 Pagesinformation management and supporting system like Data Warehousing, Business Intelligence, Analytics, and/or Big Data has produced a remarkable moment in the history of data analysis. Researching on this topic is very interesting for me. Thank Professor Kraft that gives me opportunity to explore more on these topics. Taking this opportunity, I would like to provide a brief summary of the book that discuss about the Profitable Data Warehousing, Business Intelligence and Analytics. The book published by TechnicsRead MoreRole of Business Intelligence in Marketing924 Words   |  4 PagesROLE OF BUS INESS INTELLIGENCE IN MARKETING Knowledge is profit. As a general rule, the most successful man in life is the man who has the best information. It is the same in case of business organizations; the business which has the best available information always has a sustainable competitive advantage. But there is so much information available and very little time. Business Intelligence helps organizations to make better, faster decisions about their customers, partners, and operationsRead MoreBusiness Intelligence Is Becoming An Important Strategic Tool For Business Management922 Words   |  4 PagesBusiness Intelligence or BI is a computer-based system which is used by organizations for decision making purpose. It consist of a huge data warehouse or data marts of business data, from which it performs mining, recognizing, digging or analyzing operations to produce suitable results/reports. BI applications include a wide range of activities for statistical analysis, Data mining, querying and reporting, business performance analysis, Online Analytical Processing, and forecasting and predictiveRead MoreBenefits of Business Intelligence in Retail1148 Words   |  5 PagesTopic Topic: Benefits of Business Intelligence in the Retail sector: A Case Study of three companies done in Delhi NCR. Background: What is Business Intelligence? Business intelligence (BI) is the process of gathering enough of the right information in the right manner at the right time, and delivering the right results to the right people for decision-making purposes so that it can continue to yield real business benefits, or have a positive impact on business strategy, tactics, and operationsRead MoreMarketing Analysis : E Commerce1344 Words   |  6 PagesWith improved global relationships, business web is expanding its roots to every corners of the world. There has been lot of advancements in the corporate sector for the past decade. Retail marketing, e-commerce has grown enormously. With advanced computer and information technology, the retail, e-commerce has increased tremendously; applying these new technologies in business has established many new business approaches and strategies(Ramcharran, 2013). It is stated that in the year 2011, onlineRead MoreBusiness Intelligence Is The Gathering And Analysis Essay1175 Words   |  5 PagesB usiness Intelligence Business Intelligence is the gathering and analysis of large amounts of information so as to gain insights that propagate strategic and tactical business decisions. Business Intelligence is the conglomeration of the processes and technologies which change data into information. It encompasses a wide category of technologies, including data warehousing, multidimensional analysis or online analytical processing, data mining and visualization, as well as basic queries and multipleRead MoreDecision Making For A Successful Business1663 Words   |  7 Pagesa successful business. Management often utilizes problem-solving which often involves decision-making. These processes and techniques improve decision-making and the quality of decisions. Decision-making might come natural to some leaders, however, others should focus more on improving the quality of their decisions. Effective and successful decisions produce profitable businesses and unsuccessful businesses suffer losses. Corporate de cision making process is the most critical process in any organizationRead MoreBenefits Of Business Intelligence Software1235 Words   |  5 Pages10 Benefits of Business Intelligence Software Making decisions is an important part of the business world. However, without the proper information and data, it is easy for decisions to be made poorly. For this reason, business intelligence has been simplifying the process of delivering information and data to key decision-makers ever since it was first developed. Naturally, there are many methods available to help make the business intelligence more effective. However, one of the most valuable tools

The Social Contract According to Hobbes, Rousseau, Smith and Kants Opinions Free Essay Example, 1750 words

Government is "an intermediate body set up between the subjects and the Sovereign. " Government is simply a manifestation of the social contract and laws outline the practical application of the 'General Will' in every situation. According to Rousseau, the government is merely a practical expression of the ultimate sovereignty of the 'General Will' established in the social contract. Government is, "an intermediate body set up between the subjects and the Sovereign. "(The Social Contract, 3.16) Government is simply a manifestation of the social contract and laws outline the practical application of the 'General Will' in every situation. According to Rousseau, the government is merely a practical expression of the ultimate sovereignty of the 'General Will' established in the social contract. The citizens are bound contractually to one another and the product of this union is the sovereign 'General Will'. The individual has no contract with the government, the only contract is the ori ginal social contract: "There is only one contract in the State, and that is the act of association, which in itself excludes the existence of a second. " (The Social Contract, 3.16) Thomas Hobbes' starting point is that the state of nature is not a Rousseau-like utopia but rather a chaotic, anarchy. We will write a custom essay sample on The Social Contract According to Hobbes, Rousseau, Smith and Kants Opinions or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

Equilibrium Free Essays

Equilibrium Director: Kurt Wimmer The film Equilibrium, directed by Kurt Wimmer, illustrates a world without emotions and how higher forms of control define a society. The idea of control is shown though the main character John Preston (Christian Bale). John Preston is the Top Gun Kata cleric. We will write a custom essay sample on Equilibrium or any similar topic only for you Order Now Initially he forgot to take a dose of Prozium (a drug which removes emotions from ones system). This mistake gives Preston an opportunity to change both his and all Librians lives. His choices and views change and we can clearly see these changes through the plot, costumes, music and most importantly cinematography. Preston eventually gains free will and the choices he makes contribute to the redemption of Libria. Wimmer crafts ideas of the media controlling a society and how it is important to stand up for ones individuality. The movie is set in a fictional town called Libria. It is ruled by the Tetragrammaton government and Father. Sense offenders those who are able to feel are exterminated by Grammaton Clerics. The film begins with a raid in the Nethers, where the sense offenders live. The scene is dim, dull and gloomy. Wimmer has done a great job with the camera work in the film to portray certain messages. The camera slowly pans over a vivid painting which symbolises life and emotion. Paintings and feelings are illegal in the society and punishable by death. The sense offenders guard a few remaining artefacts left by hiding them inside a room. The sense offenders desperately protect the illegal content because they are the remains from pre – world war three. The audience is then shown a wide shot of a group of Grammaton clerics about to enter the building. The group enter the building enclosing around the offenders. The clerics have orders from the fascist government to exterminate all sense offenders. The lawbreakers are slaughtered and all other objects of emotional content are destroyed. These two shots are important as they show who is fighting in the war and why the war is occurring. The law of Libria requires all Librians to take a daily dose of Prozium. After the raid Preston takes Mary O’Brien (Emily Watson) a sense offender into custody for questioning. Her words are memorable as she compares the difference in their lives. Hers is worth living because she has emotions whereas his is just â€Å"a clock ticking†. Preston contemplates Mary’s words as they give him more choice than the current society holds. He is infused with emotions and his views on life change ultimately confusing him. When Preston revisits the Nethers he approached a room full of illegal content. His newfound emotions give him curiosity and he plays a record – Beethoven. The power of the music helps justify Preston’s choice to bring change to Libria and the world. Jurgen, the head of the resistance fighters meets with Preston. They form a plan to overthrow Father and the government in order to give all Librians free will. The costumes have been used throughout the film to help create thought provoking ideas of how emotions define a society. At the beginning of the film Preston always wears dark gloves. Preston takes his gloves off after he stops taking prozium. There is an effective image of Preston sliding his bare hand across a bullet shot wall. It is shown he explores how to feel when he slides his hand across the wall. This shows the audience how Preston gains a sense of touch. The Gun Kata and Grammaton clerics a new arm of the law always wear very conservative clothing. The audience is unable to connect to the Gun Kata as they appear desensitised. The costumes emphasise how they are emotionless and powerful. At the end of the film when Preston is fighting the Tetragrammaton government and Father, he wears an all white pristine uniform. This use of costume strongly symbolises good versus evil. It also makes Preston seem god like and powerful as he is the saviour of Libria. An example of good vs. evil is when DuPont begs for his life staring up at Preston. Preston takes DuPont’s life in revenge of Mary’s death. Preston now has smeared blood upon his white uniform, symbolising that he has blood on his hands. The camerawork has been crafted through the film to portray the idea of control. In Low angle shots, Father appears on large screens in the town of Libria. This is significant as it shows the power and status Father has over the people. The director uses high shots to show Father looking down on his puppet, Preston. This shot expresses Father’s power and presence is higher than Preston’s. There are close up’s of John injecting Prozium into his system. This illustrates how the Tetragrammaton Government has the unconscious power to make one take drugs. This may be to prevent a fourth world war like the government states or possibly other intentions of making sure the people are powerless. If the Librians have no emotions they have no free will. These effective shots work incredibly well considering Wimmer’s minimal budget. The Music has been used from beginning to end to show internal and external conflicts. In the first scene the music sounded dark and unnatural; the sense offenders are shown in a building guarding a painting. The music then changed to an upbeat orchestral symphony; and Preston is shown outside the building. The music then becomes dark and dangerous again. This use of music has been used by the director to show how the painting means life. The dark music is used to emphasise the eerie feeling that Preston gives showing the audience he’s mysterious and dangerous. Initially the film has very dull and quiet music in the background. When Preston gains feeling and emotions the music becomes more upbeat and louder. This highlights the change that Preston experiences. It is a powerful use of music as it is a link that feelings are what music sounds like. It also shows how the change has been for the better as at the start of the film the music was eerie and towards the middle and end the music was happy and upbeat. Wimmer did a remarkable job of portraying a society where people live their lives with no emotions. He demonstrates how media and higher forms of power control the perceptual world. The media shown in the film like The Mona Lisa and Beethoven demonstrate what would be missing in society. If they were destroyed, how the propaganda of a government would take away more life than what they proclaim they are saving. It also shows us that it is important to always fight for ones free will and never let the media take that away from one. In today’s society days media judges how we should look and act yet the masses conform to this media. The masses conform in order to not be socially shunned. Yet it is critical to remember to frequently take a stand for our individuality like John Preston. How to cite Equilibrium, Essay examples

Evaluation and Observation of Children †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Evaluation and Observation of Children. Answer: Introduction Childhood care services are widely popular in the different parts of world for the innumerous benefits that it provides to the families attached to any of such child care centre. Parents and families have always remained the primary learning centre for their kids for a long time back in past. However, things are now shifting towards the modern way of nurturing, which is done by the different child care centers across the world (Ruhm and Waldfogel 2012). The main purpose of this assignment is to analyze in detail the process of childhood care services, which is now in practice in the different countries across the globe. Anecdotal records- It is focused on observing the different child actions such as body language, facial expressions, direct quotes, voice tone etc. This is important in analyzing the development, skills, interest, needs and abilities of a child. These records are very useful n evaluating the progress of an individual child. Learning stories- It is more about learning the different things through painting works. It encourages kids to be innovative and expressive with their paintings. Running records- This is a technique to check the behavioral stage of kids. This is done by allowing them to speak for 2 to 5 minutes. Based on what they have said, their behaviors are analyzed. Such analysis helps in understanding the childs behavior in depth. Sociograms- It is a diagrammatic representation of the social awareness that a child develops being there in such child care service centers. This educates the observer on the interactions and the different social behaviors of a particular child in the same group or with the others. Jottings- It covers significant events, conversations and behaviors in short details. This can be done in couple of sentences or within a paragraph if extended. Event samples- This helps in collecting a series of samples of different events. Different events can be the different situations and the related behavior of kids. Time samples- It helps in collecting the samples of children on terms that keeps on repeating throughout the day. This helps in recording a particular behavior or a series of negative behavior that are repeated in a single day. Work samples- This includes the different kinds of works assigned to an individual child. Such works can include but are not limited to such as drawings, paintings, writing and cutting. Photographs- Pictures says a lot. A series of different photos helps in observing the different expressions of a child under different circumstances. Work samples- One of such examples can be of writing content over a given topic. This will tell the level of understanding that the particular children has developed. Anecdotal records- One of such examples can be of Jack playing with the others in groups. Jack was very interactive while playing with the other group members. Jack was energetically grabbing on his opportunity and shouting louder to encourage others. One of the group members did approach Jack regarding some playing skills. Jack did laugh and had said that he is the best because he is being approached by others. Running records- One of such examples can be of saying on a topic such as what do you feel for others for five minutes. Implementing one example into childhood program Childhood assessment is a process of making a database of a child with the use of available information. This further helps in planning the educational and the behavioral needs that the particular child needs (Resources for Early Learning 2017). The example given for Running records in the above section can be helpful in deriving knowledge on social and emotional development in the target child. The topic will encourage the particular child to express his or her emotions regarding the others in group (Pellegrini, Symons and Hoch 2014). This will help in judging them on various skills such as the follows: Communication skills Socialism Level of emotions These are just few of the parameters; however, there can be many others. A series of such test will help in comparing the data gathered on different such events. Purpose of handling children and the needs to observe them The purpose of handling kids is to support those families who are concerned with the early development of their child. Parents and families were believed as the primary learning center for their kids in the long time back in past. However, they have largely been shifted to childhood care centers. This is for several purposes such as a systematic handling of their kids. Tools and techniques that the different childhood care centers use are more or less unknown facts to the parents. This is what justifies the purpose of handling techniques of such institutions (Ernst 2012). Observation is needed as it helps in analyzing the successive changes particular to a child. Observation is needed to check the improvement after children being incepted into a childcare home. This is required to analyze the level of works that are still needed to support the development in a child (Rusby et al. 2013). Information collected through two most important techniques such as Anecdotal and Running records helps in analyzing a child with the help of different aspects such as communication and behavioral aspects. Such analysis tells the interest of a particular child. Moreover, this also helps in analyzing the individuals ability, which is useful in further implementing the information on future learning. Additionally, these approaches are also important in analyzing the further development that an individual need (Valerio et al. 2012). For childcare centers, it is important that they have sufficient data on the different child enrolled in the centre. This is necessary for both the attainment of their organizational objectives and also for the strengthening of the parents trust on such institutions. This kind of assessment encourages for a regular observation of kids based on performance evaluation. This can be understood from the different observation method, which has already been discussed earlier in this paper. The different observation style helps to find the different learning stages of a child. This is how formative assessment progresses in a childcare centers. The evaluation made at the end of each observation method supports the progress of summative assessment. Summative assessment is the final analysis of a performance based on the set parameters. It encourages the repairing of shortfalls that are there in a child. Such shortfalls can be analyzed with the help of different observation methods such as the Running records and the Anecdotal records. This is criteria specific that encourages the progress done with the help of separate parameters set for different children in a childhood care center. The different criteria are analyzed with the help of the results derived from the different observation approaches discussed above. This is done to analyze the summative data, which are derived from the different observation approaches. The results of different observational approaches for a particular child help to progress the assessment done through Ipsative. The different results are compared with each other to understand the progress of assessment. Understanding the importance of assessment for parents and families- The different assessment approaches that are conducted in the childcare centers are very important for the parents and the families. They will get to know the successive progress in their children. Such information will also help them in assisting their kids when the kids will be with their parents. They will then be able to analyze their kids based on different such parameters that were not known to them earlier. Such assessments will make them understand the areas to work for and to help their child overcome the identified issues. Such assessments will also assure the parents about the particular childcare center. They will have an enlarged faith on the services offered by their chosen childcare service provider. Moreover, this will act as an advertising stunt for the respective childcare center (Perrin et al. 2014). Defining the observation and explaining its needs- Observation can be defined as a process that helps to analyze the performance of an individual. This is highly required in a childcare center due to the purpose such centers serve. Observation will help to gather information of every single child in the childcare center. This is indeed required to effectively work with each child member in a childhood care center (Hamre et al. 2012). Observation helps to conduct a close monitor of each child member of a childcare center. Such close monitoring is indeed required to justify the importance of childhood care centers. Such close monitoring will help the childcare centers with the necessary data of the different child member. This is extremely required to understand the capability of each child member. This is also required to understand the needs supports that a particular child needs. This is also important to strengthen the trust of parents on childcare service providing centers (Denham et al. 2012). Ways to involve parents in the observation process Following are the ways that can help to involve parents in the observation process (): Through informal conversations in relation to the child Both parents professionals are needed to bring the issues they both have identified in the open Professionals are needed to connect with the parents by letting them aware with the proceedings Parents should be asked to critically analyze the proceedings of the respective childcare center Such circumstances might cause deviation from the set objectives. If a childcare center does not have observation and evaluation process then it will lack in analyzing the progress of children. This will also fail in supplying sufficient data to the parents, which could hamper their trust on such institutions (Dewey 2013). Conclusion Childcare centers are playing an important role in delivering the commitments they have made to the parents families across the globe. However, such centers should follow the fundamentals of institution that includes but are not limited to such as observation and evaluation of progress of an individual child. Moreover, observation and evaluation are also important for strengthening the relationship with the parents and their faiths on such centers. Observation and evaluation are essential to the success of purpose and objectives of different childcare centers across the globe. Moreover, this is also essential for an incrementing benefit of such institutions. References Cameron, A.J., Ball, K., Pearson, N., Lioret, S., Crawford, D.A., Campbell, K., Hesketh, K. and McNaughton, S.A., 2012. Socioeconomic variation in diet and activity?related behaviours of Australian children and adolescents aged 216 years.Pediatric obesity,7(4), pp.329-342. Denham, S.A., Bassett, H., Mincic, M., Kalb, S., Way, E., Wyatt, T. and Segal, Y., 2012. Socialemotional learning profiles of preschoolers' early school success: A person-centered approach.Learning and individual differences,22(2), pp.178-189. Dewey, J., 2013.The school and society and the child and the curriculum. University of Chicago Press. Ernst, J.A., 2012. Early Childhood Nature Play: A Needs Assessment of Minnesota Licensed Childcare Providers.Journal of Interpretation Research,17(1). Hamre, B.K., Pianta, R.C., Burchinal, M., Field, S., LoCasale-Crouch, J., Downer, J.T., Howes, C., LaParo, K. and Scott-Little, C., 2012. A course on effective teacher-child interactions: Effects on teacher beliefs, knowledge, and observed practice.American Educational Research Journal,49(1), pp.88-123. Hancock, K., Lawrence, D., Mitrou, F., Zarb, D., Berthelsen, D., Nicholson, J.M. and Zubrick, S.R., 2012. The association between playgroup participation, learning competence and social-emotional wellbeing for children aged 4-5 years in Australia.Australasian Journal of Early Childhood,37(2), pp.72-81. Natale, R., Scott, S.H., Messiah, S.E., Schrack, M.M., Uhlhorn, S.B. and Delamater, A., 2013. Design and methods for evaluating an early childhood obesity prevention program in the childcare center setting.BMC Public Health,13(1), p.78. Pellegrini, A.D., Symons, F. and Hoch, J., 2014.Observing children in their natural worlds: A methodological primer. Psychology Press. Perrin, E.C., Sheldrick, R.C., McMenamy, J.M., Henson, B.S. and Carter, A.S., 2014. Improving parenting skills for families of young children in pediatric settings: A randomized clinical trial.JAMA pediatrics,168(1), pp.16-24. Resources for Early Learning. 2017.Early Childhood Assessment: Resources for Early Learning. [online] Available at: https://resourcesforearlylearning.org/fm/early-childhood-assessment/ [Accessed 20 Nov. 2017]. Robinson, D. 2017.Types of assessment - definitions - Learning and Development - University of Exeter. [online] Exeter.ac.uk. Available at: https://www.exeter.ac.uk/staff/development/academic/resources/assessment/principles/types/ [Accessed 20 Nov. 2017]. Ruhm, C. and Waldfogel, J., 2012. Long-term effects of early childhood care and education.Nordic Economic Policy Review,1(1), pp.23-51. Rusby, J.C., Jones, L.B., Crowley, R. and Smolkowski, K., 2013. The Child Care Ecology Inventory: A domain-specific measure of home-based child care quality to promote social competence for school readiness.Early Childhood Research Quarterly,28(4), pp.947-959. Valerio, W.H., Reynolds, A.M., Morgan, G.B. and McNair, A.A., 2012. Construct validity of the childrens music-related behavior questionnaire.Journal of Research in Music Education,60(2), pp.186-200.

Origins of the Cold War an Example of the Topic History Essays by

Origins of the Cold War by Expert Bella Hamilton | 29 Dec 2016 This essay about the Cold War can be summed up as a lengthy period of high tension and rivalry between the two world dominating superpowers, the USA and USSR, although which never involved direct conflict between the forces of the two powers. Starting around 1950, the Cold War kept all mankind and society on the brink of mass destruction for the best part of half a century, ending finally in 1990 with the collapse of the USSR as an empire and global superpower. The origins of the Cold War itself stem mainly from the end of the Second World War, when the two superpowers emerged victorious from the ashes of Europe and both looked to seize the advantage in gaining control in Europe. Need essay sample on "Origins of the Cold War" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed When the atomic bomb and the advent of long-range military technologies greatly increased the chance of hostilities between the two states, the fact that they occupied opposite sides of the globe became less of a barrier to potential conflict. The origins of the friction and disharmony between the two states, which served as a prelude to the Cold War disunity, can be traced back to the First World War. The War, the Russian revolution and the Russian civil war brought the armies of the two powers together for the first time, and paved the way for a continuing struggle for mutual survival, influence and dominance. The fundamental cause of the tension between America and Russia was the conflict of ideologies and incompatibilities between the two massively different societies - communism and capitalism. Therefore, perhaps the best place to start looking for the origins of the Cold War is the dawn of communism in Russia in 1917. The atrocities and mass killings by the Red Army in the Russian civil war in the period 1917 - 1921 paved the way for the first clash between the communist society and the West. It came in the form of armed intervention by the allied states of the West, including America, who landed at Vlapostok and attempted to fight back the advancing Reds. The battle was brief, yet it was one of the first events to demonstrate the growing disharmony between Russia and the West. Throughout the history of the Cold War and the pre Cold War rivalry, the general policy of 'containment' of communism by the West and specifically America remained largely unchanged. This again supports the idea that the communist revolution can be marked as the very first of Cold War origins. The most lasting and important effect Western intervention had on Russia had been the impression of the West left in the minds of the Russian people and their leaders. The Russians had just been through a terrifyingly costly war with Germany, followed by a disruptive revolution and a civil war in which millions upon millions had died from famine, disease, or fighting for the causes of the Whites or Reds. The West had intervened to crush the Red Bolshevik regime but had succeeded only in giving the Russian people the lasting impression that the capitalist powers were bent on pursuing the extermination of the Russian people. This perception of Western ideology remained in the minds of the Russian people for a long time, and the first response to this by the Red Government was to build up its armed forces into a formidable war machine. During the inter-war period, the military power of both sides increased substantially. Russia stabilized somewhat, but the communist government was reluctant to agree to any relations with America and the West. On America's part, they refused to recognize Russia as legitimate, claiming it to be only a part of the "international communist sub verse movement" until the Roosevelt administration in early 1933, when a basic agreement of mutual recognition was struck up between them. Following this were several attempts by the world powers to minimize the risk of another world war. Russia joined the League of Nations, and talked most of her satellite states into doing the same. As the threat from Germany and Japan became more apparent, an uneasy truce was struck up between the members of the League, which now excluded Germany, for mutual defense and security. In the period leading up to the war, when Hitler was making clear his plans for Europe, Britain attempted to forge an alliance with Russia to counter the Nazi threat. The treaty formed the basis for the unsure alliance that held throughout the war, uniting Russia, Britain and America against Germany, but that was as far as relations went. The Soviet-American Alliance had been a temporary one through the war, and while they had been on the same side, fighting for a common cause, they each fought their own war. The Soviets kept to the eastern front, the Americans worked with the British on the west, and little in the form of information, strategies and intelligence reports were exchanged. An interlude to this alliance occurred in the form of a Nazi-Soviet pact that assured the conquering and mutual occupation of Poland, and gave the Russians two year breathing space to prepare for a Nazi invasion. The West called Russia a traitor and when Russia latter attacked Finland, the refusal to allow the allied army passage by Norway, Sweden and Turkey only narrowly averted a war between Russia and the West. America remained neutral up to this point, until they opted to send aid to Finland. Public opinion in America and Britain was almost totally against Russia, and two decades of distrust, and exaggerated reports of the 'evil' Russian army in Western media only deepened anti Russian feelings. In summer 1941, Hitler turned his attention away from the blitz over Britain and committed all his forces to an invasion of Russia. This brought about a welcome respite from the war in Britain, and an end to the Nazi-Soviet pact. Britain claimed Russia to be an ally fighting for a common cause. America was still pided over the issue of getting involved in the war, with the isolationists pushing for America to stand back and let the two dictators grind each other down. In consideration for declaring war on Germany, and therefore aiding Russia, the American Senator Robert A. Taft declared "A victory for communism would be far more dangerous for the United States than a victory for fascism." The American involvement in the war was an interest in European security in both the east and west sectors. Roosevelt wanted a large sphere of influence as a basis for a new international system, what was to become the United Nations. After an American delegate met with Stalin and reported back that Russia's chances of winning the war were not as desperate as originally assumed, America decided to send a billion dollars (final amount totaled 11 billion) worth of supplies to Russia to turn back the Nazi war machine. While this aid was gracious and probably shortened the war by as much as two years - it was largely indecisive in the overall outcome of the war. More importantly, the Russian people suffered 26 million dead soldiers and civilians throughout their bitter four-year struggle. So although America and Russia were allied against Germany, the Russians held deep contempt for the West after they let the slaughter continue or four years before opening another front and splitting the Nazi forces in two. The wartime strategies of the American and British allies are very important considerations when tracing Cold War origins. The post war geography of Europe greatly depended on the allied conduct of the invasion of Europe, the most important factor being the timing of D-Day. The allies at long last established a beachhead at Normandy in June 1944, and opened the second front, causing Hitler to pide his forces, and begin the long fighting retreat back to Germany. After a year of fighting across the continent, the Russians won the race to Berlin, although all parties did confine themselves to their agreed zones of occupation, and the potential clash between the two liberating armies never materialized. If D-Day had transpired a year earlier, the allies could well have swept through Germany, Poland and Austria, and kept post war Europe free of Russian occupation. As it turned out, Russia ended the war occupying Eastern Europe, including its share of Germany and Berlin. Britain and America had predicted the danger this posed, yet they could not make the Russians back up and hand over the territory that so much Russian blood had been spilt to gain. The Soviet Union wanted all Eastern Europe to be under Soviet control, with replica communist governments. America thought this spread of communism was more than Russia needed for her security and Soviet control in the east would threaten Western Europe. At the end of World War Two, America saw the Soviet threat to be the danger of the use of armed force in areas where the borders of American and Soviet influence met. The fact that America never came into direct conflict with the Soviet Union was largely to do with their geographical remoteness. They split the world in half, and each had room to move in their own sphere of influence, and where the borders met, they set up buffer zones, like the Berlin Wall and the Korean Demilitarized Zone, to avoid direct contact. The year 1945, which saw an end to both the European and Pacific wars, also witnessed two more events that served as a prologue to the Cold War. The first was the death of President Roosevelt in April, which saw all the promising relations and co-operation between the American Government and Stalin go down the drain. The second event was the use of atomic bombs on Japan. The public display of the bomb's destructive capability startled the world, and its potential use for future wars was recognized by all, especially the Russians. There was very little America could do to prevent Russia from eventually gaining nuclear technology, and within five years they had tested their first nuclear weapon. In period leading up to this event, Russia and America grew further apart, and the many attempts by America to pacify and control Russia's atomic program failed. There were also several periods of high tension, like the Berlin blockade in the winter of 1948. The end of this era and the start of the atomic age of the Cold War came on September 23, 1949 when the Soviets tested their first atomic bomb. The arms race had begun, with the substantially more destructive hydrogen bomb in the pipeline, and both sides attempting to gain nuclear superiority over the other before considering any arms limitations agreements. Such was the situation nine months later when the North Korean Army invaded South Korea. America's direct and the USSR's indirect involvement in this war for the first time put to the test this new global system, where all wars fought from this point on would involve either or both of the superpowers, with the threat of nuclear holocaust always just over the horizon. The origins of the Cold War can be found by examining the history of the relations between Russia and the Western world between 1917 and 1949. There is a repeating pattern of misunderstanding of true intentions between the superpowers, and a failure on both sides to co-operate and coexist. A major cause of the tension was the failure of the American and Soviet governments to fully understand each other. They were aware of the conflict of ideologies, but did not understand the true long-term intentions of the other. This unsteady relationship experienced a temporary reconciliation when a forced alliance in the Second World War united Russia and the West against a common enemy. But the outcome of the war left Russia and America victorious and powerful, with both dominating their own liberated territories in Europe. As the alliance dissolved, the arms race accelerated, and the rest of the world was quick to choose a side to align with for protection. This bi-polar system inevitably split the world in two, and with nuclear weapons backing up all policies, relations and co-operation were delicate and risky. This common misunderstanding led to a failure to co-operate on many issues, a deep mutual distrust and several near-disaster crises, most notably the Cuban Missile Crisis. The establishment of mutual distrust in the inter-war period, the post war bi-polar system, and the threat of mutual nuclear oblivion after 1949, left the world in a precarious state of 'Cold War'. Bibliography D. Fleming, 'The Cold War and its Origins, 1917 - 1960' Volume 1, (GEORGE ALLEN AND UNWIN LTD, 1961) D. Fleming, 'The Cold War and its Origins, 1917 - 1960' Volume 2, (GEORGE ALLEN AND UNWIN LTD, 1961) J. Spanier, 'Games Nations Play, "Analyzing International Politics"', (THOMAS NELSON AND SONS LTD, 1972) G. Lewy, 'America in Vietnam' (NY OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1978) D. Rees, 'Korea: The Limited War', (MACMILLAN & CO LTD, 1964) J. Gaddis, 'The Long Peace, "Inquires into the History of the Cold War"', (NY OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1987) J. Gaddis, 'The Long Peace, "Elements of Stability in the Post-war International System"', (NY OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1987)

An Introduction to Representational Art

An Introduction to Representational Art The word representational, when used to describe a work of art, means that the work depicts something easily recognized by most people. Throughout our history as art-creating humans,  most  art has been representational. Even when art was symbolic, or non-figurative, it was usually representative of something. Abstract (non-representational) art is a relatively recent  invention and didnt evolve until the early 20th-century. What Makes Art Representational? There are three basic types of art: representational, abstract, and non-objective. Representational is the oldest, best-known, and most popular of the three. Abstract art typically starts with a subject that exists in the real world but then presents those subjects in a new way. A well-known  example of abstract art is Picassos Three Musicians.  Anyone looking at the painting would understand that its subjects are three individuals with musical instruments–but neither the musicians nor their instruments are intended to replicate reality. Non-objective art does not, in any way, replicate or represent reality. Instead, it explores color, texture, and other visual elements without reference to natural or constructed world. Jackson Pollock, whose work involved complex splatters of paint, is a good example of a non-objective artist. Representational art strives to depict reality. Because representational artists are creative individuals, however, their work need  not look precisely like the object they are representing. For example, Impressionist artists such as Renoir and Monet used patches of color to create visually compelling, representative paintings of gardens, people, and locations. History of Representational Art Representational art got its start many millennia ago with Late Paleolithic figurines and carvings. Venus of Willendorf, while not too terribly realistic, is clearly meant to show the figure of a woman. She was created around 25,000 years ago and is an excellent example of the earliest representational art. Ancient examples of representational art are often in the form of sculptures, decorative friezes, bas-reliefs, and busts representing real people, idealized gods, and scenes from nature. During the middle ages, European artists focused largely on religious subjects. During the Renaissance, major artists such as Michaelangelo and Leonardo Da Vinci created extraordinarily realistic paintings and sculptures. Artists were also commissioned to paint portraits of members of the nobility. Some artists created workshops in which they trained apprentices in their own style of painting. By the 19th century, representative artists were beginning to experiment with new ways of expressing themselves visually. They were also exploring new subjects: instead of focusing on portraits, landscapes, and religious subjects, artists experiments with socially relevant topics related to the Industrial Revolution. Present Status Representational art is thriving. Many people have a higher degree of comfort with representational art than with abstract or non-objective art. Digital tools are providing artists with a wider range of options for capturing and creating realistic images.   Additionally, the workshop (or atelier) system continues to exist, and many of these teach figurative painting exclusively. One example is the School of Representational Art in Chicago, Illinois. There are also whole societies dedicated to representational art. Here in the United States, the Traditional Fine Arts Organization comes quickly to mind. A web search using the keywords of representational art (your geographical location) should turn up venues and/or artists in your area.

Project Management regarding New Online Room Booking System Case Study

Project Management regarding New Online Room Booking System - Case Study Example The framework of this project comprises of several stages of systems development. The following figure illustrates the phases of project development model that is adopted for this entire online booking project development process:- During the first phase of this online software development work, the team manager along with members of our team, needed to work together to define what our team is going to deliver by the end of the project. In first phase, the important deliverable is the project plan of online room booking system which outlines goals and objectives of this project. By effective planning we can meet the deadlines with our sufficient resources and thereby produce final deliverables that meet our customers' needs, and maintain the morale and energy of our team members. Without proper planning, all of these are put at risk. For adequate planning, 10% of total project time has been allocated. In view of the resources available with our team, we planned to carry on with the project as per the precedence diagram shown in Appendix-'A', where development of the project is depicted in a clear cut hierarchy of step by step. On the basis of the flow chart our team has to be entrusted appropriate jobs for max imum utilization of available man power within limited time frame. As a part of systematic planning process and as per the precedence diagram provided as Appendix 1, the project would be started with an enquiry received from client. Two members, preferably the team manager and a member, will be responsible to fix an appointment with the client to establish the outline of the project on Online Room Booking System. This process will take 2 days. After this discussion a broad idea will be generated about the objectives of the project to be developed. Subsequently a draft Terms of Reference will have to be prepared for the project team. Two members will be utilized for this purpose for two days. Then three members from our team will analyze the current booking system on a day. The same members will take 2 more days to examine other contemporary online booking systems. After observing various elements of the current booking systems, the client's requirements, and other similar online ser vices our two members will prepare a draft initial design and explain it to the client by displaying the work flow of the utility going to be designed as per their requirements. It will take two days for designing initial model of project and for discussing with clients about its application for the online booking system. Pursuant to the suggestions and clarifications on the matter, the draft design of project will be revised to meet the newly raised queries and suggestions made by clients. This process involves three members of our team to work for duration of two days. During this time the other three members will re-examine other online booking systems for novel, unique strategies, techniques and ideas. Considering all aspects of application of new project, various processes of designing and examining the other online booking systems and discussing with the client about its implementation in a commercial perspective, our team may decide to use appropriate front end as well as back end utility(Software) for designing the project in field. Here

Biology Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Biology Research - Essay Example This is due to the light reaction of photosynthesis, which splits the water molecule and releases the oxygen in the process. The sugar would be radioactive in the example where the plant was supplies carbon dioxide with radioactive oxygen. This is a result of the Calvin cycle, which uses the carbon dioxide to process into sugar. Question 2: Some animal species can reproduce either asexually or sexually depending on the state of the environment. Asexual reproduction tends to occur in stable, favorable environments; sexual reproduction is more common in unstable or unfavorable circumstances. Discuss the advantages or disadvantages this pattern might have on the survival of the species in an evolutionary sense or on survival of individuals. Answer 2: Asexual reproduction has the advantage of creating many offspring that are generally mature plants and not as frail as sexual seedlings. They reproduce easily and efficiently and are able to cover a habitat and reduce competition from other species. However, because they are essentially clones, they are sensitive to adverse environments such as pathogens and disease, which could wipe out the entire stand. Sexual plants, dependent on seeds, have the disadvantage of producing seeds which must germinate and grow. This requires ideal conditions to establish new plants.

Oil And Gas Industry In India Commerce Essay

Oil And Gas Industry In India Commerce Essay The history of oil and gas industry in India started since 1867 from Digboi in the state of Assam. After the independence of the India the oil and gas industry were controlled by the international companies. At that time Indias oil productions were below 250,000 tonnes / annum which were contributed from Assam. At that time some of the oil experts doubted about Indias oil production ability and for the new oil reserves. But Government declared oil industry as a core sector in India under IPR bill in 1954, which helps to change the face of Indian oil industry Indian Government established the Oil Gas Industry in India. All the functions of the oil and gas industries are coming under various public sector organisations which are controlled and authorised by THE MINISTRY OF PETROLEUM NATURAL GAS of India. Structure of Indian Petroleum Industry (IBEF, 2009) Indian Oil and Gas industry holds an important role in Indian economy. It satisfies 42% of primary energy requirements in India and contributes around 15 % to the GDP. With an exciting combination of government and private firms, the industry is fixing their top position in domestic international markets. The report from the Petroleum Planning and Analysis Cell (PPAC) shows that requirement for petroleum products increased by 4.4% to 144.35 million tonnes for the period of the financial year 2010-2011. Presently, Indias petroleum refining capacity is 144.35 million tonnes per annum. It is expected to increase by 240 million tons by Sept 12. Source (CGES, 2012) Indias economy is expected to grow at the rate of 7% per annum over the next five years; it means that demand for energy will also increase. 90% of coal consumption and 75% of gas consumption were met by domestic While Indian domestic oil industry can only covers 22% of oil consumption. This may drop in future years. This shows Indian oil and gas industry should have to depend more in oil imports, which will be 2.4 mbpd Major Players in Industry COMPANY PROFILE Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL) and its subsidiaries were consist of roughly 48% of petroleum commodities market share, 71% downstream division pipelines capability and 34% nationalized refining capability in India. Indian Oil Corporation Limited (Indian Mirror, 2012) Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL) is the leading commercial ISO-9002 certified venture in India and it is the top public sector venture in India, Indian Oil Corporation Limited is the largest company by sales in India with a yield of  $ 85,550 million and profit of $ 825 million for the fiscal year 2011-12.  In IOCL is the first Indian company to reach at the 83rd position in latest Fortune Global 500 listings. Indian oil Corporation is the 20th largest petroleum company in the world. IOCL was established as Indian Oil Company Ltd. in 1959. In 1964 Indian Refineries Ltd. Merged in Indian Oil Company Ltd to form IOCL IOCL is an oil company based in India. Main operations of the company are refineries, marketing, Centre and Business Development, pipelines, enterprise and planning (EP), RD, petrochemicals and natural gas. 10 of Indian refineries and its cross-country crude oil network and gas pipelines are owned and operated by IOCL and its subsidiaries. Portfolio of brands consists of SERVO lubricants, Indane LPG, XTRAMILE diesel XtraPremium petrol and Propel Petrochemicals. Domestic portfolio of IOCL is consists of 13 blocks in its exploration and production, among these two of the blocks Indian Oil as an operator have 100 per cent participation interest. The international portfolio having 9 blocks stretch over Iran, Libya, Nigeria, Gabon, Venezuela Yemen. In the fiscal year of 2011- 12 around 0.62 million tons of crude oil processed from the Digboi Refinery. Market watch 2012 (reuters, 2012) PURPOSE AND ISSUES To analyse the factors that affecting management performance in Indian oil corporation ltd, what are the issues and to what extend it effects in the management performance of Indian oil corporation ltd. RESEARCH QUESTIONS How the HR factors do affects on the management performance and issues in Indian Oil Corporation in India? What are the economic factors influenced on the management performance and issues in Indian Oil Corporation in India? How the competition factors affects on management performance and issues in Indian Oil Corporation in India? How the IT influenced in management performance and issues in Indian Oil Corporation in India? How the customer satisfaction impact on the management performance and issues in Indian Oil Corporation in India? RESEARCH OBJECTIVES To evaluate HR factors that affects in the management performance and issues in Indian oil corporation in India. To examine the economic factors that influenced in the management performance and issues in Indian oil corporation in India. To find out completion affects in the management performance and issues in Indian Oil Corporation in India. To realize the influence of IT in management performance and issues in Indian oil corporation in India To analyses customer satisfaction impact on the management performance and issues in Indian oil corporation in India LITERATURE REVIEW (media.wiley, 2008) HUMAN RESOURCE PRACTICES AND ISSUES Human resource practices can be says as the management of an organizations human force or work force. HRM is the responsible for managing the employees in the organization. So the HRM has an inevitable roe in the managing performance of an organization. Management functions of HRM are consisting of attracting, selecting, training, evaluating, and rewarding the personnels in the firm. Expected industry growth in oil and gas sector took country to a level of high demand for the skilled labours in the industry, the work-force demand for vital skilled sets all over the oil and gas value chain and the supply of resources in India (Earnest Young, 2010). IOCL sustained its attempts to encourage workforce contribution in diverse actions by idea sharing, proposal scheme, rewards and recognitions, etc. HR Index was designed to assist efficient execution of HR practices and policies. IOCL owns and operates 10 out of 22 Indian refineries with a combined capacity of around 65.7 MMT per annum. IOCL is the largest company in terms of turnover in India. It is the 98th largest public corporation in world and it operates with a strong work force of 34,233. Out of it, 19,382 were workers and about 14,831 were officer cadres. Among the workers, 68 % of the workers have experience of more than 25 years. Most of the employees in IOCL were since its starting period. In this industry, the other companies are also competing with IOCL to attract skilled workers. IOCL has lot of experienced workers so that recruiting fresher through campus interview and other sources and they shaping the personnel through the training. IOCL is a public firm that follows best HR practices, even though they are facing lot of challenges and issues in their HR sector that affects in their management performance as well. HR Issues that Affects Management Performance in IOCL Retirement This is the most important issue that going to face by the IOCL. Due to retirement of labours IOCL will loss roughly 16000 workers in 2021. Most of them were highly skilled and positioned in top authority. By 2021, we will lose half of 34,000 strong employees, Ashok Jambur, chief training manager IOCL. (Nair, 2012). By this issue fifty year old firm forced to depend upon outsourcing to overcome this situation. This will not be an easy task for the management. Company will loss both white as well the blue-collared personals. This will affect both HR and top management sectors this may lead to underperformance management sector. Skills Age Requirements. As per the trend in Indian oil and gas sector, the average age is the main issue that faced by everyone in the sector, especially in Indian Oil Corporation it pretty is high. Not only is the age company asking for but also the experience and skills up to their expectation. Which one is not much easy to find out in this competitive industry? Every company is looking for the best and experienced candidates to strengthen their work force. Here the skills are bigest question mark before the leading public listed firm in India . (Earnest Young, 2010) Attrition It is another unavoidable headache for the HR department and the management. From the recent studies, it estimated as a loss of 7 per cent of current employees in next 5 years. (IndianOil coporation, 2012). The management scared with the attrition from the middle management employees. Who were flying towards the international opportunities. 5% of the highly qualified personals were working for experience only. The management and HR department have to take necessary steps to avoid the loss of their employees. ECONOMIC FACTORS AND ISSUES IOCL, BPL and HP lost around  Rs.138, 800 crore in income from sales of domestic LPG, kerosene and diesel under cost in 2011-12. Revenue loss in this financial year estimated as  Rs.  208,000 crore. Both Indian Oil and Gas sector and economy has a mutual understanding in each other. Indian economy is a changing economy. It is very difficult to predict the Indian economy. IOCL and its subsidiaries have most vital part to play in altering the Indian economy. The economy is affecting by the increase of demand and price of the crude oil. The inflation of the Indian currency is the major issue that affects the entire petroleum industry in India. Indian currency value is changing vastly, is also a burden to the industry. INFLATION IN INDIAN CURRENCY IOCL is the largest firm as per its turnover even-though by the depreciation of Rupee leads the company to a loss, which affects lightly in their performance. Indian market witnessed strong demand growth despite weakening economic activity. Due to the foreign exchange difference the company records a loss of Rs 3,187 crore in last fiscal year. http://www.marketinfoline.com/wp-content/uploads/CRUDE-IMPORT1.png When considering the net crude oil importing in MMT for last 2 years imported crude oil is decreased in 2010-11 than in previous year. But while considering the cost of importing increased by 12% 15% this shows the economic how Indian economy affected the oil and gas industry ECONOMIC CRISIS Global economic situations continued to be pathetic and challenging. This fiscal year saw describing of many new challenges. It reflects in Indian economy indirectly through some other ways. The major challenges were towards the Indian oil and gas industry. Global Economic crisis resulted in the price hike in crude oil market. As India, one of the largest crude oil importing country, it affects India badly especially the IOCL. IOCL records loss of Rs 22,451 crore due to the economic challenges in country as well in globally. The financial crises were a double strike to the Indian Oil Corporation ltd. Crude oil price hike As per IOCL domestic production of crude oil is very low as concerned with the demand in the country. But the demand for oil products increased. And the company has to depend on other sources. By the effect of the economic crisis the price and demand of crude oil increased. These two graphs show the demands and the increase in the crude oil price in India oil markets. This is one of the major challenge that facing by the Indianoil. The trends showing that it will continue its flow of hike. Expected figures will be a nightmare for both IOCL and the Indian economy. Share Market Price Economic crises are usually affecting Share markets. Market fluctuations depend on the global economic factors. IOCL is a largest public firm in India .the majority shares were owned by the president and the rest handled by some bankers and investors. Stock rate This figure shows how the economic issues affect the share market of IOCL from April 2011 to March 2012. BSE and NSE are the two important stock exchanges in India. In both BSE and NSE share price decreased by 15%. These all shows the after effects of financial crises in Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ISSUE Risk management and security strategy involves the detection of threats, susceptibility, anticipation of crisis, reaction towards situations and revival of assets and safety of employees. IT infrastructure in Indian oil corp. was an extremely decentralized mix up of diverse systems. The corporation required to shorten its IT atmosphere and to increase its efficiency. IOCL running with more than 32, 000 employees and16, 000 PCs over various sections consisting of RD, pipelines, refineries and marketing. However, the corporation has a centralized administration over these sections. Mr. R. Krishnamurthy, Chief Manager of IOCL accepting that they had not installed standard IT infrastructure in the firm. Each section had separate set of apps and software to manage its operations. Major IT issues in IOCL Database Management, Identity and Access One of the major challenges is lack on single sign-on. The portable labour force of the IOCL had no system access while on action. Accessing of IT systems is only takes place when the employees are on the work desk. Due to this, the time consuming for the activities and updating of the information about of ongoing activities destruction are some issues faced by IOCL. These issues are reflecting throughout business activities. An efficient database system can generate high assurance atmosphere and protected planning, with safe identity management, remote access network and data security. Secure Communications Systems. Consumers need accurate and safe information that connects the home site with additional companys sites. IOCL should have to increase their efficiency in their communication system. Currently the system is not much efficient and they are following the older versions and system. Therefore, they have to concentrate on the security and effectiveness of the system. Security Risk Management Field actions involve in risk evaluation and development of practical security measurements to moderate risks. These practices necessitate identifying of prospective risks, establishing borders, assessment of effects and method of anticipation and recovery plans for business. Risk management system is an important factor in Oil industry. Hacking, terrorism is the major threats facing by the industry. It is very important to prevent such intervene from the external source. COMPETITION Indian oil industry was monopoly sector till recently owned by the petroleum ministry as various sectors. By the setting up of liberalisation in country, privatisation in the petroleum sector has been implemented. At the beginning the Government had APM (Administered Pricing Mechanism) for pricing the products. Which cause higher pricing than the market determined price have been. This situation made the Government to implement privatization in transportation fuel including HSD (High Speed Diesel). The main competitors to the IOCL are Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd, Bharath Petroleum Corporation Ltd from the public sector and private firms like (RPL), Essar and Reliance Petroleum Ltd. The ministry of petroleum maintain to hold licensing around in an attempt to support exploration process and boost domestic oil production. Company Outlets IOCL 8,100 HPCL 4,899 BPCL 4,861 Reliance 5,849 Essar Oil 1,700 IOCL is the largest public sector in country in basis of its turnover. IOCL has its dominant position in Indian oil industry even though the private companies like Reliance Petroleum, Essar, Shell etc getting stronger in the industry. Now a day market getting competitive more than198os and 1990s. Competition in Exploration Exploration is the primary step in production of oil and gas. Exploration and production of oil and gas is vital for Indias economic growth and energy security. IOCL has been concentrating exploration and production process both inside and outside India in association with syndicate partner.  IOCL is related with 2 flourishing inventions in oil exploration blocks, one each in Iran and India. From the above table it is very clear that the IOCL is facing very tight competition from the private as well as the public firms which are in same industry. Exploration and production of petroleum and gas is the major factor that affects in the economy of the country so the Government is also encouraging the competition in the refining and the production. The main competitors are ONGC and OIL Corporation. ONGC is consisting with the gas production also thats why they having domination position in the exploration sector. IOCL have to develop some e good strategies to attain a good position in this sector. Competition in petrochemicals Petrochemicals govern universal chemical market about share of 40 %. The industry is looking towards the undergoing metamorphosis, in this IOCL have to compete with some of the forign companies as well. Petrochemicals are related to daily life products. In the production of petrochemicals IOCL had a dominant position in the early period of the industry. Now-a-day the dominant position is being challenged by the competitors in the industries. Reliance and Essar also knows their market credibility in the industry so by 2015 the competition for the market production will be strong and huge. It estimated as, by 2011-12 production will decrease in huge by intervene of the competitors. These will keep the management in a critical situation, as per the statistical information they have to the prevention measure for the situations in front of them. Competition in Refining Industry Indian oil industry is consist of 18 refinaries public sector and 3 in private sector,which have the total installed capacity of 127.35 MMTPA (ministry of petroleum, 2011). Out of these 18 refineries 8 belongs to IOCL. By June 2011 as vision to increase the productivity of oil and GDP Government granted three new refineries two of them s in the private sector. This will increase the competition from the private sector. IOCL is the largest refining company in India from its starting. Currently they are in good position comparing to the other public sectors. Their production is high because of the number of refineries. By the new Government policies the competitive market is rising towards the dominant position of IOCL. Private companies like Reliance, Essar showing fast growth in this sector this will be a threat to IOCL in future. CUSTOMER SATISFACTION Competition in Indian oil industry is being increasing so the company should have to take necessary steps to retain their customers. Now in the business customer is the keen factor that is, Customer sat-is- faction. Therefore IOCL have to focus on their customers needs and satisfaction. It is the method of measuring how product and services distributed by a company meets or surpasses his expectation from the current situation the customers in country are not satisfied by the IOCL. IOCL has a good brand position in Indian oil industry thats why lot of customers are choosing IOCL products. But the firm is not much bothered about their customers. There are lot of complaints regarding their distribution, products availability, service quality, customer service one of the major problem faced by the customers are the booking system. The management is utter fail in that system. The management should have to implement innovative systems. By the privatisation the private firms are coming with attractive customer oriented products Reliance and Essar providing good and timely customer service for their consumers now-a-day the trend shows most of the customers are depending private firms by giving preference to the conformability . IOCLs distribution channel controlling is very narrow with limited systems which were not connecting customers with the company. They have to accept some of the new effective systems in the management that giving customer preference. The customer service in IOCL is one of the major drawbacks of the firm. The customer service should have the ability to satisfy the needs of the customers. Customers are not satisfied with the newly implemented e-payment system. It is remaining as burden over the head of management. Increase in the industry also affected the customer attrition and customer reaction. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY RESEARCH DESIGN According to (Geoffrey Marczyk, 2005) Research Design is the structure and the plan for investigating and covering the collected, measured and investigated data in a blue print. As per AHM (American Heritage College Dictionary) research is a systematic enquiry or investigative study or to analyse something thoroughly. In most simple words it is the method of finding solutions to problems. (Mackey Gass, 2005) Research onion F:Powerpointpe_ukPE083-SaundersFinal_FilesGifch04C04NF001.gif Source : (Saunders et al., 2006) This is a model of research. In this model collection and study of information are considered as layer of onion each layer shows each stage of studies. EXPLORATORY AND CONCLUSIVE RESEARCH http://dstraub.cis.gsu.edu:88/quant/images/figure3small.gif Source: (Detmar strub, 2010) Exploratory Research: This is a method of research using to evaluate the issues and the possibilities of a firm. Forms of this study are secondary data investigation, experience surveys, Pilot studies, focus groups, and pilot study of case analysis. It is mainly based on qualitative information other than the quantitative factors. This method will be helpful to find out the quantitative information about IOCL and Indian Oil and Gas Industry. Source: (Courses, 2012) Conclusive research If considering a conclusive research on IOCL. To find out the quantitative data we have to apply two different type of conclusive research. Descriptive Research This method have been using widely for the researches to study the current position, evaluate the industry and the competitive nature. (DJS Research, 2011). This method is using to analyse the effect of the Crude oil price of IOCL in Indian oil sector. Causal Research This method used to find the factors that cause another issues for the company. It is the evaluation of cause and effects of factors (MJ Research, 2008). Here In the case of IOCL, competitors plays in the downfall of market share price. SAMPLE DESIGN Taking decision on what type of sample should have to choose for study or survey. Method of planning the steps and the procedure to collect the information from the sample of people that available (OECD, 2006) cost effectiveness reasonable factors thorough study time management SAMPLING METHODS Various methods of samplings are using for research purpose. These methods are using for obtaining a sample from general population and it is vital process to evade bias in selection process. (Cramster, 2012) SAMPLING METHODS PROBABILITY SAMPLING NON PROBABILITY SAMPLING Systematic Sampling Stratified Sampling Multi-stage Sampling Convenience Sampling: Judgement Sampling: Quota Sampling: . (Castillo, 2009) PROBABILITY SAMPLING In this method the researcher can accept a sample from a population of same nature. Its a method of collecting samples from a population having equal chances to be selected. There are three types of probability sampling. NON PROBABILITY SAMPLING: This can be says as collection of samples from a specified category of population. It can be says as taking a sample from workers in the IOCL in India and taking information from them. Sample selection will be a random process and cannot be estimate respondents nature. Essentials in non-probability are chosen arbitrarily and there is no chance to estimate any individual built in the sample. (StatisticsCanada, 2009) Collection of Data It is practice or procedure that uses to collect experimental data. There are lot of methods are using for collecting data. The relevancy of the data decides the method that has to follow. There are lot of collection method, Triangulation method is one among them. http://www.watershedplanning.illinois.edu/images/triangle.gif This method is consisting of three steps they are, Historical Research it includes with secondary data collection. In this step should have to collect all the previous data including qualitative and quantitative data. While considering IOCL, collection of information about domestic production of oil in last 8 years. Key Informants is collecting of primary data consisting of qualitative nature. Collection of information regarding performance of HR in IOCL is involved in this step. Surveys final step of collecting data through surveys from samples, customers workers etc it is also a primary data collection. Collection of information of IOCL by giving questionnaires to customers. This data are consisting of both qualitative and quantitative data. https://koppa.jyu.fi/avoimet/hum/menetelmapolkuja/en/methodmap/data-collection/images/circle_coll.gif (Koppa, 2011) This figure shows the methods and areas of data collection data collection. In this figure it describes about the steps of the collecting data. Types of Data http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~renglish/370/notes/chapt08/primary_secondary_data.gif (ROHAN Academic Computing, 2011) COLLECTION METHODS This study is based on the qualitative factors of IOCL India.it is to find out how the issues affecting its management performance? This study is based on the employees survey. It would help to know the management challenges due to the internal and external issues. Methods like focus group interview and pilot studies helped lot to get straight information about IOCL. 3.4 DATA ANALYSIS Data analysis is the process getting collectively quantitative and qualitative data to develop answers to the research questions. (national service resources, 2008) (national service resources, 2008) GANTT CHART

Notes on Ethics and International Human Resource Management

IHRM Session 18 Ethics & IHRM Ethics Ethics may be defined as an individual’s or society’s beliefs regarding what is right and wrong, or good and bad. Ethics is about how our decisions affect other people. It is also about the rights and duties of people, the moral rules that people apply in decision making and the nature of relationships in a society. Managerial Ethics Managerial Ethics refer to the standards of behavior of individual managers in their work. Four Levels of Ethical Questions in Business Societal – At the societal level, we ask questions about basic institutions, practices and behaviors in a society. For example, is racial discrimination right? Is capitalism the just system to allocate resources in a society? Stakeholder – At the level of the stakeholders of a business, such as customers, shareholders, suppliers, etc. , the ethical issues concern, disclosing correct information to customers, insider trading, relationship and trust with suppliers, etc. Internal Policy – Ethical issues relating to internal policy concern nature f employment policies, fairness of job contracts, work rules, motivation, layoffs, etc. Personal – At the personal level ethics refers to individual behavior in an organization and covers issues of honesty, professional integrity, etc. Tools of Ethics Values – are beliefs that are Relatively few in numbers Serve as a guide for culturally appropriate behavior Enduring or difficult to change Not tied to specific objects or situations Widely accepted by members of a society Values are the answers to the â€Å"why† questions. Rights – Claims that entitle a person to take a particular action Duties – obligations to take specific steps or obey the law Moral rules – Rules for behavior that often become internalized as moral values Relationships – People are related directly or indirectly in a society, which makes ethical behavior necessary Common Morality Common morality refers to the body of moral rules governing ordinary ethical problems. Some basic principles of common morality Promise keeping Non-malevolence Mutual Aid Respect for Persons Respect for Property Approaches to Ethics In the international context, there are three approaches to Ethics Ethical Relativism – The belief that there are no universal or international rights and wrongs. So, an MNC may adopt the practices that are accepted as right in each country, regardless of whether such practices are accepted as right in the home country Ethical Absolutism – The belief that an MNC should only follow what is accepted as ethical in its home country, regardless of which country it operates in. Ethical Universalism – The belief that there are certain fundamental principles of right and wrong that are universal in nature and accepted by every culture. MNCs while operating in different countries must adhere to these universally accepted principles of right and wrong. Ethics & IHRM The existence of universal principles of right and wrong is to an extent proved by the adoption by many countries of the world of certain universal codes of conduct. For examples: The UN Declaration of Human Rights Guidelines for MNEs adopted by OECD countries Caux Round Table Principles of Business The Caux Principles The Caux Round Table believes that the world business community should play an important role in improving economic and social conditions. As a statement of aspirations, this document aims to express a world standard against which business behavior can be measured. We seek to begin a process that identifies shared values, reconciles differing values, and thereby develops a shared perspective on business behavior acceptable to and honored by all. The Caux Principles are based on two basic ethical ideals: The Japanese Principle of Kyosei – which means living and working together for a common good Human Dignity – Respecting the sacredness and value of each person as an end in itself. The Caux Principles Principle 1. The Responsibilities Of Businesses: Beyond Shareholders toward Stakeholders The value of a business to society is the wealth and employment it creates and the marketable products and services it provides to consumers at a reasonable price commensurate with quality. To create such value, a business must maintain its own economic health and viability, but survival is not a sufficient goal. Businesses have a role to play in improving the lives of all their customers, employees, and shareholders by sharing with them the wealth they have created. Suppliers and competitors as well should expect businesses to honor their obligations in a spirit of honesty and fairness. As responsible citizens of the local, national, regional and global communities in which they operate, businesses share a part in shaping the future of those communities. Principle 2. The Economic and Social Impact of Business:Toward Innovation, Justice and World Community Businesses established in foreign countries to develop, produce or sell should also contribute to the social advancement of those countries by creating productive employment and helping to raise the purchasing power of their citizens. Businesses also should contribute to human rights, education, welfare, and vitalization of the countries in which they operate. Businesses should contribute to economic and social development not only in the countries in which they operate, but also in the world community at large, through effective and prudent use of resources, free and fair competition, and emphasis upon innovation in technology, production methods, marketing and communications. Principle 3. Business Behavior: Beyond the Letter of Law Toward a Spirit of Trust While accepting the legitimacy of trade secrets, businesses should recognize that sincerity, candor, truthfulness, the keeping of promises, and transparency contribute not only to their own credibility and stability but also to the smoothness and efficiency of business transactions, particularly on the international level. Principle 4. Respect for Rules To avoid trade frictions and to promote freer trade, equal conditions for competition, and fair and equitable treatment for all participants, businesses should respect international and domestic rules. In addition, they should recognize that some behavior, although legal, may still have adverse consequences. Principle 5. Support for Multilateral Trade Businesses should support the multilateral trade systems of the GATT/World Trade Organization and similar international agreements. They should cooperate in efforts to promote the progressive and judicious liberalization of trade and to relax those domestic measures that unreasonably hinder global commerce, while giving due respect to national policy objectives. Principle 6. Respect for the Environment A business should protect and, where possible, improve the environment, promote sustainable development, and prevent the wasteful use of natural resources. Principle 7. Avoidance of Illicit Operations A business should not participate in or condone bribery, money laundering, or other corrupt practices: indeed, it should seek cooperation with others to eliminate them. It should not trade in arms or other materials used for terrorist activities, drug traffic or other organized crime. Laws Against Bribery The USA has passed the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, which prohibits any US company from paying bribes in foreign countries The UN Declaration Against Corruption and Bribery in international transactions makes it mandatory for the signatories to this declaration to pass laws prohibiting bribery UN Global Compact Principles PRINCIPLE ONE Businesses should support and respect the protection of internationally proclaimed human rights PRINCIPLE TWO Businesses should make sure they are not complicit in human rights abuses PRINCIPLE THREE Businesses should uphold the freedom of association and the effective recognition of the right to collective bargaining PRINCIPLE FOUR Businesses should uphold the elimination of all forms of forced and compulsory labour PRINCIPLE FIVE Businesses should uphold the effective abolition of child labour PRINCIPLE SIX Businesses should uphold the elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation. PRINCIPLE SEVEN Businesses should support a precautionary approach to environmental challenges PRINCIPLE EIGHT Businesses should undertake initiatives to promote greater environmental responsibility PRINCIPLE NINE Businesses should encourage the development and diffusion of environmentally friendly technologies. Principle 10 Businesses should work against corruption in all its forms, including extortion and bribery. HR function & Ethics Studies show that HR department is involved to a great extent in drafting and implementing ethical initiatives within organizations With expertise in organizational culture, behavioral studies, change management and people related initiatives, HR is in a position to play a key role in initiating ethical conduct within organizations though everyone should be responsible for ethical conduct and behavior Ethics & MNCs For MNCs operating in widely different cultural, racial and social environments, having a self-regulatory code of ethics is even more important. The HR departments do play a key role in monitoring the ethical conduct of its PCNs, TCNs and HCNs